Arindam BasuSarkar, Ph.D.

 Contribution to Science

1.      Nanoparticulate drug delivery

The most significant contribution that I made to the world of Science is the development of a nano-particulate platform that is suitable for the delivery of macromolecules.  As part of my Ph. D. research I conceived, planned, fabricated, characterized nanoparticles that provide benign microenvironment for encapsulation and delivery of proteins. 

 

The activity of the proteins frequently depends on the preservation of their native structure.  Traditional nanoparticles are hydrophobic in nature. Proteins cannot be incorporated in them easily.  Even if a specific protein is incorporated in the hydrophobic core of a nanoparticle, it is likely to lose its biological activity due to denaturation.  Nanoparticles with a hydrophilic core is necessary for the delivery of conformation sensitive proteins.  The hydrophilic nanoparticles containing carbohydrate polymers (like starch, modified starch and /or maltodextrins) are ideal for the preserving the native structure of proteins when nanoparticles are dehydrated. The hydroxyl groups of the monosaccharaides are efficient in replacing the hydrogen bonding as water is withdrawn from the system.  Extensive hydrogen bonding is crucial in keeping the conformation of proteins in aqueous solution. Carbohydrtes have been proven as excellent cryo-protectors for proteins.

 

Nanoparticles composed of carbohydrate polymers like alginic acid and chitosan fulfill this requirement.  But the traditional nanoparticles composed of the above polymers are made using ionic interactions involving counter ions.  Unfortunately, the biological fluids including blood, lymphatic and cerebrospinal fluid contain many anions and cations, which result in slow dissolution of the particles.  Hydrophilic nanoparticles have been made using avariety of polymers and a crosslinking agents like gluteraldehyde.  In this family of nanoparticles structural integrity is achieved at the expense of denaturation and immobilization of the biologically active proteins by the reactive crosslinking agents. 

 

To address this problem, I designed nanoparticles containing carbohydrate polymers (e.g. starch, modified starch and/or maltodextrin) along with the desired active proteins.  The nanoparticles are designed to be reconstituted in aqueous vehicle or biological media before use.  During the preparation phase the carbohydrate polymers are dispersed in aqueous phase emulsified in a density-matched cyclohexane-chloroform system.  Structural integrity is imparted to the hydrogel emulsion droplets by an interfacial crosslinking reaction involving a tri-carboxylic acid chloride reagent like trimesic acid chloride.  The residual acid chloride reagents and the organic phase were washed off by using a specially designed precipitation, washing and resuspension protocol using ethyl alcohol and repeated centrifugation.  The carbohydrate nanoparticles, thus produced, have a hydrophilic core with a benign microenvironment for the active proteins. Such nanoparticles had been prepared with relatively narrow size distribution between 150-250 nm.  A model protein lysozyme has been successfully incorporated into the nanoparticles.  The release of the nanoparticles has been modeled with a multimodal diffusion equation.  The additional advantage of using these nanoparticles is the availability of numerous hydroxyl groups that can be utilized to covalently attach targeting ligands on the surface.  More recently, I have worked on nanohydrogels and traditional nanoparticulate delivery systems.

Shivraj D. Sadekar, Basavraj K. Nanjawade, Arindam Basu Sarkar, Siddharth M. Patil and Priyanka K. Patil, “Development and Evaluation of Aceclofenac Sodium Nanohydrogel", International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Research, Vol. 11, Issue 1, 321-347 (2017).

Shivraj D. Sadekar, Basavraj K. Nanjawade, Arindam Basu Sarkar, Siddharth M. Patil and Priyanka K. Patil, “Development and Evaluation of Bivalirudin Polymeric Nano-micelles for transdermal drug delivery system", World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 7, Issue 1, 1067-1087 (2017).

Arindam Basu Sarkar, Gregory M. Kochak, “Hydrophilic Carbohydrate Nanoparticles As A Sustained Release Depot of Small and Macromolecular Drugs: Preformulation and Mass Transfer".  International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, Vol. 13, No. 1, 19-27, 2012.

Arindam Basu Sarkar, Umesh Kestur, and Gregory M. Kochak, “Interfacially Assembled Carbohydrate Nanocapsules: A Hydrophilic Macromolecule Delivery Platform", J. Biomed. Nanotechnol., Vol. 5, 456–463, 2009.

2.     Bio-analytical Method Development

 

I was introduced to analytical/bio-analytical method development during my tenure as a graduate student at the Auburn University.  I have been trained in high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC).  My first publication in this field was in Carbohydrate polymers in 2005.  Since then, I have published in various journals using HPLC as the main analytical tool.  In the initial years of my employment at the University of Findlay, I used the limited research opportunities to determine the 'beyond-use-dating' for many compounded formulations.  Since no stability information is available for the compounded formulations, they are used in a very conservative manner.  Medication in compounded formulations including parenteral preparations is wasted in the hospitals and associated healthcare facilities because of lack of information.  I have been able to establish the 'beyond-use-dating' of several such widely used formulations.  I have also applied this technique in investigations focused in circadian rhythm and cancer.  My publications in this area are given below.

Basu Sarkar A, Kandimalla A, Dudley R, Chemical Stability of Progesterone in Compounded Topical Preparations using PLO transdermal Cream™ and HRT Cream™ Base over a 90-Day Period at Two Controlled Temperatures. Journal of Steroids & Hormonal Science, 4, (2): 114. doi:10.4172/2157-7536,1000114), (July, 2013).

Arindam Basu Sarkar, Akshita Kandimalla, Roshini Durga Paruchuri, Richard Dudley, “Ninety Day Chemical Stability of Compounded Estrdiol, Estrone and Estriol Combination and Beyond-use-date", Journal of Pharmaceutical and Scientific Innovation, 1, (5), 23-26, 2012.

Arindam Basu Sarkar, M. Chandra Sekar, Roshini Durga Paruchiri, “Stability Studies on Naproxen Cream", International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 1, No 5, Pp 28-30, 2011.

Sarkar, A.B. and Kochak, G. M., “HPLC analysis of aliphatic and aromatic dicarboxylic acid cross-linkers hydrolyzed from carbohydrate polyesters for estimation of the molar degree of substitution", Carbohydrate Polymers, 59, 305-312, 2005.  

3.     Scientific Communication

I have been contributing to the scientific community as a reviewer of scientific literature in the area of my expertise.  My exposure to the journals of my field helped me to identify a major limitation of the current system; the extreme specialization and division of disciplines that contribute to health and medicine.  The extreme specialization has contributed to the growth of journals with limited scope to such an extent that it is hindering interdisciplinary research/approach.  To address this concern I have helped to start a new journal; 'Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacology' to bring together all the developments in fields that contribute to development of medicine.  The journal is successful in attracting quality manuscripts from Asia, Europe and the Americas. I had been the editor-in-chief of the journal for three years.  My contribution to science also includes training both graduate and undergraduate students in classroom and laboratory.  I also serve as Ph. D. adjudicator for candidates completing their Ph. D.s in universities in India.​

Extramural Funding:

• Analysis and evaluation of compounded topical product stability – The project involves the stability studies of eight APIs in six compounded topical preparations stored in room temperature and also under refrigeration for sixty days.  Amount $5,000; Status- Funded; Funding Agency- Medisca Pharmaceutique Inc., Canada (October, 2009).
  
   
• Analysis and evaluation of compounded topical product stability-Part II – The project involves the stability studies of twenty three APIs in thirty seven compounded topical preparations stored in room temperature and also under refrigeration for ninety days.  Amount $65,000; Status- Funded; Funding Agency- Medisca Inc., USA (July, 2010).

• Analysis and evaluation of formulations- The project involves stability studies of various active pharmaceutical in ingredients (APIs) in topical as well as oral liquid preparations for a period of 90 days.  The contribution of the storage conditions as well as the containers and closures on the stability are investigated.  Amount $50,000; Status funded; Funding Agency-Academic Analytics LLC, Lima, Ohio (January, 2012).
  
  

Peer-Reviewed Publications: 

Nanjwade BK, Srichana T, Thanh Thao CT, Kadam VT, Sarkar AB, Chilkawar RN, Shiow Fern Ng and Jenis J (2023). Development of Nanocolloidosome Based Formulations and Characterization. Nanomed. Nanotechnol., 8(4): 000268. https://medwinpublishers.com/NNOA/development-of-nanocolloidosome-based-formulations-and-characterization.pdf

Sarkar, A. B., Khupse, R., Nanjwade, B., Tilghman, S. (2023). “Pathomechanism in SARS-CoV-2 infection in neurological, renal and respiratory systems: insights from the ground". Int J of Nursing Care and Research, 1(2), 1-4. https://www.wecmelive.com/journal/international-journal-of-nursing-care-and-research/articles-in-press

Nanjwade BK, Srichana TK, KadamVT, Sarkar AB and Janis J. “Veterinary Nanomedicine Delivery System for Mastitis". Nanomed Nanotechnol 2023, 8(3): 000239. https://medwinpublishers.com/NNOA/volume.php?volumeId=529&issueId=1627
https://medwinpublishers.com/NNOA/veterinary-nanomedicine-delivery-system-for-mastitis.pdf
Jankiben R. Patel, Prasad Thangavelu, Renee M. Terrell, Bridg'ette Israel, Arindam Basu Sarkar, A. Michael Davidson, Kun Zhang, Rahul Khupse, and Syreeta L. Tilghman (2022), “A Novel Allosteric Inhibitor Targets PLK1 in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells".  Biomaterials, Volume-12, Issue -4, page-531.

Kishor AB, Basavaraj KN, Arindam BS, Teerapol S, Roopali MS, (2020) Development and Evaluation of Curcumin Floating Tablets. Pharm Anal Acta; 12:622. doi: 10.35248/2153- 2435.20.11.622.
 
Shetake, Roopali M.; Nanjwade, Basavaraj V.; Sarkar, Arindam Basu; and Bellad, Kishor A. (2019), "Development and Evaluation of Quercetin Dispersible Tablets," Manipal Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 5: Iss. 2, Article 2.
Available at: https://impressions.manipal.edu/mjps/vol5/iss2/2

Mhase SR, Nanjawade BK, Sarkar AB and Srichana T, “Development and Evaluation of Dual Release Tablet of Metformin and Pioglitazone for the treatment of Diabetes Mellitus", Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta, Vol. 9, Issue 4 (2018). DOI: 10.4172/2153-2435.1000583

Shivraj D. Sadekar, Basavraj K. Nanjawade, Arindam Basu Sarkar, Siddharth M. Patil and Priyanka K. Patil, “Development and Evaluation of Aceclofenac Sodium Nanohydrogel", International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Research, Vol. 11, Issue 1, 321-347 (2017).

Shivraj D. Sadekar, Basavraj K. Nanjawade, Arindam Basu Sarkar, Siddharth M. Patil and Priyanka K. Patil, “Development and Evaluation of Bivalirudin Polymeric Nano-micelles for transdermal drug delivery system", World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 7, Issue 1, 1067-1087 (2017).

Ashapurna Sarma, Vishal P. Sharma, Arindam B. Sarkar, M. Chandra Sekar, Karunakar Samuel, Michael Eric Geusz, “The Circadian Clock Modulates Anti-Cancer Properties of Curcumin", BMC Cancer, 16, 759, (2016).

Arindam Basu Sarkar, Akshita Kandimalla and Richard Dudley, “Chemical Stability of Compounded Spironolactone Suspension in Proprietary Oral Mix^TM Over a 90-day Period at Two Controlled Temperatures in Different Storage Containers", International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 23, (1), 67-70, (November-December, 2013).

Basu Sarkar A, Kandimalla A, Dudley R, Chemical Stability of Progesterone in Compounded Topical Preparations using PLO  transdermal Cream™ and HRT Cream™ Base over a 90-Day Period at Two Controlled Temperatures. Journal of  Steroids & Hormonal Science, 4, (2): 114. doi:10.4172/21577536,1000114), (July, 2013).

Arindam Basu Sarkar, Akshita Kandimalla, Roshini Durga Paruchuri, Richard Dudley, “Ninety Day Chemical Stability of Compounded Estrdiol, Estrone and Estriol Combination and Beyond-use-date", Journal of Pharmaceutical and Scientific Innovation, 1, (5), 23-26, 2012.

Richard Dudley, Brean McDowell, Carissa Mahl, Arindam Basu Sarkar, “Influence of Temperature on the Thirty-day Chemical Stability of Extemporaneously Prepared Dexamethasone Paste", International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding, International Journal of Compounding Pharmacy, 16, (3), 254-261, 2012.

Arindam Basu Sarkar, Gregory M. Kochak, “Hydrophilic Carbohydrate Nanoparticles As A Sustained Release Depot of Small and Macromolecular Drugs: Preformulation and Mass Transfer".  International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, Vol. 13, No. 1, 19-27, 2012.

Arindam Basu Sarkar, Richard Dudley, Srikumaran melethil, Jonathon Speidel, Gopalkumar Markandakumar Bhatt, “Chemical Stability of Hydrocortizone in Topical preparation in Proprietary VersaProTM Cream Base", Innovations in Pharmacy, Vol. 2, No. 3, Pp 1-3, 2011.

Arindam Basu Sarkar, M. Chandra Sekar, Roshini Durga Paruchiri, “Stability Studies on Naproxen Cream", International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 1, No 5, Pp 28-30, 2011.

Arindam Basu Sarkar, M. Chandra Sekar and Roshini Durga Paruchiri, “Stability Studies on Diclofenac Sodium Cream", International Journal of Advances in Pharmaceutical Analysis, 1, Issue 1, Pp1-3, 2011. ​

Gautam Mukhopadhyay, Jasmina Khanam, Arunabha Nanda, Arindam Basu Sarkar, “Quantitative characterization of Bovine Serum Albumin, ∞- Lactoglobulin, and b-Lactoglobulin in Commercial Whey Samples by RPLC", Chromatographia, ISSN -0009-5893 (Print), Vol. 71, No (7/8), Pp 699702, 1612-1112 (Online), April, 2010.

Arindam Basu Sarkar, Umesh Kestur, and Gregory M. Kochak, “Interfacially Assembled Carbohydrate Nanocapsules: A Hydrophilic Macromolecule Delivery Platform", J. Biomed. Nanotechnol., Vol. 5, 456–463, 2009. (Impact Factor 7.578)

Sarkar, A.B. and Kochak, G. M., “HPLC analysis of aliphatic and aromatic dicarboxylic acid cross-linkers hydrolyzed from carbohydrate polyesters for estimation of the molar degree of substitution", Carbohydrate Polymers, 59, 305-312, 2005.  (Impact Factor 4.074)

Non peer-reviewed Publications:

1. Arindam Basu Sarkar, “Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and

Pharmacology: A New Perspective", Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacology, Volume 1, Issue 1, 2014.

Book Chapters: ​

• D'Souza, Manoranjan and Basu Sarkar, Arindam (2018).  'Radiological Contrast Agents and Radiopharmaceuticals' in Sidhartha Ray (Ed.), Side Effects of Drugs Annual (40), pp 579-594; Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.  ISSN:0378-6080​

• Nanjawade, K. Basavraj; Basu Sarkar, Arindam and Srichana, Teerapol (2018).  'Design and Characterization of Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery' in Mahapatra, Ranjan, Dasgupta, Mishra and Thomas  (Ed.), Characterization and Biology of Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery, pp 337-350; Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.  ISBN: 97812-814031-4 
  

​​Positions and Honors

Positions        

2006-2012           Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Findlay, Findlay, Ohio.

2012-present        Associate Professor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Findlay, Findlay, Ohio.

Honors           

2011                     Received 'Postgraduate Best Paper Award' in the Basic Sciences section in APhA Annual Meeting and Exposition, 2011 held at Seattle, for the presentation “Stability Studies on Compounded Topical Local Steroid Preparations", Arindam Basu Sarkar, Jonathon Speidel, and Gopalkumar Markandakumar Bhatt.

2006                     Received 'Outstanding Doctoral Student' award from Auburn University for the academic year 2005-2006.

2005                     Received 'Don Tillery Scholarship' from Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University,  Alabama.

2003                     Received 'Postgraduate Best Paper Award' in the Basic Sciences section in APhA Annual Meeting and Exposition, 2003 held at New Orleans, for the presentation “HPLC Analysis of Aliphatic and Aromatic Dicarboxylic Acids from Carbohydrate Polyesters", Sarkar, A. B. and Kochak, G. M.​

Affiliations:

• Member, American Chemical Society, 2012-present.
• Member, American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists, 2007-present.
• Member, Controlled Release Society, 2007-2008.
• Member, American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, 2007-present.
• Member, Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Great Britain, 2008-2011.
• Member, Round Table Group, 2008-present.
  
   
  
  Professional Service:

• Reviewer, Pharmaceutical Research, 2007-present.
• Reviewer, PharmSciTech, 2007-present.
• Reviewer, Clinical Cancer Research, 2009 present.
• Member, NIH Grant Review Group, 2009.
• Reviewer, Science of Advanced Materials, 2013-present.
• Help to shape the contours of pharmacy education in US by taking part in ACPE site visit as a team member for accreditation purposes (2015).
• Adjudicated the Ph.D. dissertation titled "Development of Fast Dissolving Tablet for Neurological Disorders" submitted in partial fulfillment of the award of Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Ms. Uma A. Patel, under the Guidance of Dr. Bijaya Ghosh (major advisor), Vinayaka Missions University, Salem, Tamilnadu, India, July 2010.
• Adjudicated the Ph.D. dissertation titled "Development of Sustained release Drug Delivery Systems and Its Biopharmaceutical Evaluation" submitted in partial fulfillment of the award of Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Mr. Sabahuddin Siddique, under the Guidance of Dr. Jasmina Khanam (major advisor), Pharmaceutical technology Department, Jadavpur University, India, June-July 2011.
• Adjudicated the Ph.D. dissertation titled "Phytochemical and Pharmacological Evaluation of Leaves of Callistemon salignus" compiled by Mrs. Sailee Choudhury (student) under guidance of Dr. Ashoke Kumar Ghosh (School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IFTM University Moradabad) and Dr. Sushomasree Maji (Bengal School of Technology, Hoogly), January 2013.
  
   
  
  Professional Recognition:

• Member of the editorial board of 'Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology' (Impact factor-4.26), 2013.
• Editor-in-Chief,  'Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacology' (New Journal), 2013.
• Editor, 'SOJ Pharmacy and pharmaceutical Sciences' (New Journal).

Member of the Delta-Theta chapter of The Rho-Chi Society form May, 2013.

Scholarships, Awards and Honors:

• Received 'Postgraduate Best Paper Award' in the Basic Sciences section in APhA Annual Meeting and Exposition, 2011 held at Seattle, for the presentation "Stability Studies on Compounded Topical Local Steroid Preparations", Arindam Basu Sarkar , Jonathon Speidel, and Gopalkumar Markandakumar Bhatt.
• Received 'Outstanding Doctoral Student' award from Auburn University for the academic year 2005-2006.
• Received 'Don Tillery Scholarship' from Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Alabama in 2005.
• Received 'Postgraduate Best Paper Award' in the Basic Sciences section in APhA Annual Meeting and Exposition, 2003 held at New Orleans, for the presentation "HPLC Analysis of Aliphatic and Aromatic Dicarboxylic Acids from Carbohydrate Polyesters", Sarkar, A. B. and Kochak, G. M.